A language is a complex entity, likes any other thing. A sound, a word, a language and a meaning can be dealt with the same ways according to problem size, accurate degree, system theory, mathematics and etc. Any meaning or thing must be expressed by limited sounds in the language. The language and meaning are so closely linked that a lot of people often consider that their language or dialect is thought or meaning. Any language can use finite sounds to express infinite meanings normally. Any complex meaning can be expressed by the language. We often unite and separate certain meaning according to situation. A meaning is often a code, string of codes or mathematical value in the language. That is, the complex reality or meaning can and must be represented by the few or finite sounds in a language. Any reason or claim must be become some voices in any language. It happens frequently that combining and analyzing meaningful units or meanings are difficult, likes the multiple options or error operations of a computer. For examples, black, smith and blacksmith, man, date and mandate, as, certain and ascertain, be, loved and beloved, in, so, far and insofar in the English. Any language is often a complex meaningful system, likes a computer. How to learn and use a language is often a technique and skill for individuals. Learning and using a language is liked as learning and using a computer. Certain nation and its language are used a same form or word in the English generally. In fact, a language has almost nothing to do with its users. English language is no longer tied its people. The requirements and conditions of language for illiterates, college students, scholars and many other people are often different. The need to learn and understand meanings is becoming more important than the languages in the different speech communities generally. The language is very important for human, but we cannot aggrandize its function and property.
The language can serve the human as large as possible according to its features. The human common language can and must fit the whole human being or most normal people in the world. It seems that the earth is smaller and smaller. All living languages are often crowded together now. The radio, TV and internet, especially global economy, trade. religion and etc are platforms which languages can behave, compare, learn, invade, improve and compete each other.
For theory, the human common language is selected in all existing languages. In accordance with the statistics, it is strongly dependent upon the 12 world's top official standard languages which are 6 working languages of the UN and 10 most spoken languages with population estimates from the Ethnologue (2015,18th edition) in the world. The 12 world's top official standard languages are Chinese, Spanish, English, Arabic, Hindi, Bengali, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, Lahnda, German, and French. The living languages especially the official standard languages are often eliminated or defeated many other languages or dialects in a country or region. Numerous languages appeared and disappeared in the human history. The 12 world's top official standard languages are often considered the best and most competitive languages in the world, and can reflect the level of whole human civilizations in general. Of course, the 12 world's top official standard languages are being used by the most populations.
The cost of learning and using a language is large generally. Mastering the pairings of sound and meaning or a language often needs a long term. Learners of the first or native language (L1) spend years learning a language, and still wind up with bad grammar and a funny accent. They must go to school. A lot of speakers cannot learn their native languages or dialects when they go to school today. There are not writings or textbooks in most of the world's living languages. Numerous people have to learn certain standard official language after they enter the school in the modern era. The standard official languages such as the standard Chinese, standard English and standard French are the smallest cost and difficult for communications in a country or region, ignored or negated any other requirement or claim such as politics, race, culture, religion, geography, sex and etc in general. The usages of 2 languages are more cost and difficulty than 1 (universal)
In contrast to Chinese, one of the fatal shortcomings is that English morphology and syntax are too complex and Japanese has concrete entities or patterns of sentences. There are few and even no morphological words in Chinese and Japanese. But any related morphological meaning can be expressed by Chinese and Japanese. Russian morphology and syntax are more complex and more than English, French, German, Spanish and etc in general. C. F. Hockett (Macmillan. 1958) accounted that 1 Chinese word has 1 morpheme. English shows nearer to 2 morphemes per word; Spanish about 2 and one half; Latin about 3; and Fox nearly 4. Although the Esperanto which is one of the international auxiliary languages simplified morphology, its morphology does not disappear completely. 16 Esperanto grammar rules are coarser and confusion. For example, Esperanto cannot be proved that its 28 phonemes or letters are the best. Esperanto has no future. I often worried about inflection and concord when I learned and used English and Russian. Compared to Chinese, morphological words such as large quantities of tense and participle of English verbs are almost unusable rubbish, deteriorated the performance of English. English be has morphological words is, are, was, were, been, being and etc. Any exact meaning of is, are, was, were, been and being can be expressed by be in the Chinese. Is, are, was, were, been, being and etc are unusable words according to Chinese grammar. Simply, you master be only. It is unnecessary and redundant to learn and use is, are, was, were, been, being and etc in the Chinese. Is can be analyzed the present single be. Were is the past plural be in the Chinese, and etc. There are ungrammatical meaningful units such as ungrammatical English phrases and sentences. There are not ungrammatical values or meanings at all. For instance, an ungrammatical English sentence 'The man come' is a grammatical Chinese sentence. In facts, the language can express inexistent things. One fatal weakness of English syntax is concord, that is, its words must be corresponded or matched each other according to certain morphological feature in the groups of meaningful units. In fact, the English syntax has nothing to do with its morphology. Some morphological words such as the third person he, she, they and it can be used directly by Chinese, without changed Chinese syntax. There aren't distinctions between they and them, he and him, she and her, I and me, and etc. Any exact meaning of they and them, he and him, she and her, I and me can be expressed with the same word of each pair respectively in the Chinese. Each of English his, her, their and its is a phrase one of he, she, they or it and the antonym of of in the Chinese. That is, a large number of English words such as his, her, their, our and its are redundant and unusable according to Chinese. The essence of English morphology and syntax are same, for instance, ungentlemanliness. It seems that English morphological words are more concise and clear than corresponded Chinese words. But morphological words often provide the superfluous information in the English sentences which manifest concrete time, person, gender, number and etc. Learned and used English are much easier if English morphology and syntax were disappeared or improved.
One of the fatal shortcomings is that English sounds are unequal long in its standard sounds; the long and stress sounds are excluded from standard Chinese and Japanese sounds; Chinese and Japanese sounds are codes of equal length. According to English criterion, a consonant is long as a semi-vowel or half length of a vowel, i.e., a phoneme [u] is longer than [w]. A phoneme or syllable [u:] is longer than [u]. [a] is longer than [Q]. [ai] is longer than [ia] [a] or [i]; [a] or [i] within [ai] is shorter than a single vowel if a diphthong [ai] is pronounced same long as a single vowel. [if] is longer than [i] or [f]. [ai[] is longer than [ai] [i[] [a] [i] or [[]. [st] is longer than [s] or [t]; [s] and [t] of [st] are shorter than a single consonant respectively if a consonant cluster [st] is long as a single consonant. [kst] is longer than [ks] [st] [k] [s] or [t]. [best] is longer than [bes] [st] [be] [es] [b] [e] [s] or [t]. Some English phonemes and most English syllables are false and null hypotheses or entities. French and German sounds are more amount than English according to their criteria respectively.
Syllables are the random variables within a meaningful unit and phonemes are restricted within a syllable in some languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Syllables are not random variables in the meaningful units such as English, Spanish, French, German and Russian. English syllable theory is often complicated and confused. The phonemes are the random variables in the most English syllables, but the combinations or appearances of some syllables are restricted. [ai] is a syllable or diphthong. The syllable [a] can't appear after syllable [i]. A syllable [ia] cannot be existed in the English. The essential of English phonetics or an English fatal weakness is that the phonemes are random variables in a syllable or meaningful unit. Many aspects of Chinese and Japanese phonetics are simpler and more reasonable than English ones. The patterns of English syllables have negated its own prescription that a consonant cannot be allowed to become a syllable actually. Simply, Chinese and Japanese syllables are random variables in their meaningful units. English and Russian syllables are conditional variables in their meaningful units respectively. Of course, Chinese characters and syllables are too many and complex too. Compared between English and Chinese phonetic notations, some shortcomings of each are obvious. The syllable [i] must be spelled [yi], the syllable [u] must be [wu], and etc in the Chinese. Chinese character and Japanese kana don't need any other symbol to separate sounds, but are too many and complex. Although English letters are simple and convenient, some syllables or sounds are awkward to separate and identify. Some English syllables must be separated by an other symbol at least. In other words, phonemes or letters are random variables of syllables or meaningful units in English and Russian. The fatal shortcoming of English and Russian is that combinations of some syllables are limited. An English letter is corresponded to a phoneme usually. A Chinese character or Japanese kana is a syllable generally. Chinese, Arab, Hindi, Bengali and Lahnda writings are integrated with some shortcomings of English and Japanese, and much worse than Spanish, English, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, German and French writings. But Hindi and Bengal are much better than Chinese, Arab and Lahnda writings. This is one of challenges for the human common language. The human common writing must concentrate advantages of each such as letters, Chinese characters, Japanese kana and etc respectively, overcome their shortcomings. The problem is how sound and writing are the optimal matched each other according to modern human requirements. In fact, most writings have already united by the binary letters.
Chinese and English sounds can be classified according to the uniform or universal criteria. The new IPA can solve the problem of English spelling reform. For instance, English means a nation or language at same time. Right, rite, wright and write will be become same writing or word in the English. Such problem is much bigger than English in the Chinese. A Chinese syllable is often represented by some and even over 100 characters, words, items or meanings. The human common language will face the same problem, refer the numerical expressions. The French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and Russian are much worse than English because of letters, sounds, morphology and syntax. The French and German should be removed from 6 working languages of UN now according to their elements, structures and speaker totals. In fact, the French and German are 2 dialects of English according to the Chinese criterion. But some western scholars insisted on some Chinese dialects were different languages in the China.
The human common language can use Chinese grammar and English alphabet. Of course, its grammar and alphabet are much simpler than English and Chinese. The cost and performance of the human common language will be much better than any existing language. In other words, the existing languages are no longer adapted human development. The symbols of Unicode such as ASCII are too many and complex.
Most world’s writings are no longer treasures, but are barriers to communicate between global citizens. We must improve or change our language so as to meet and promote the whole human developments.
How to transcribe speech sounds with written symbols is another matter. In linguistic evolution, the speech is prior to writing. The writing is scratched, drawn, written and typed through a long history generally. People must go to school when they want to master certain writing in modern era. Any existing writing can be improved according to the phonetic principle first. Although speech sounds almost have nothing to do with the writing, the best pronunciations must be expressed by the best writing. That is, a man-made visual symbol system must be matched with the speech sounds maximally. The English writing is much worse than the ideal, standard or future human common writing though English typewriter is the cheapest and best in the world nowadays. That is, the Latin and Greek alphabet are no longer satisfied the requirement of modern human writing though they are the most popular and best alphabet or writing in the world today. For instance, the shape and number of Latin and Greek letters are far from the requirement of standard. English writing is being become more complex, but not simpler. For examples, @, &, the mark of case grammar ' and etc are being become letters in the English actually. French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and etc are being improved their writings according to English writing or criterion respectively. Numerous mechanical and electronic products and social managements of Chinese, Arabic, Hindi, Bengali, Japanese, Lahnda and etc are much more expensive and difficult than English letters. English letters are occupied the keyboard of computer because other writings such as Russian letters are more and worse than English. In facts, the human writings have already been united by the computer. But the binary letters of a word are too long to learn and use for the ordinary people. The oral language, gesture language, visual writing, braille writing and etc are different meaningful systems. How to correspond and unify them each other is depended on the level of human linguistics. The human common language concerns the oral language and visual writing which are used by the most normal people at first. Of course, the oral language is the most important.
The standard of speech sounds will reform or delete the Latin or current IPA letters. The handwriting can be fitted almost any writing in existence. The cost and performance of English and Russian typewriters are much better than Chinese, Japanese, Hindi, Bengali, Arabic and Lahnda ones. Typewriters cannot popular until today because most of the world's writings are too complex. Easier Learned and used the writing are, more restrictions the condition or technology of writing is. The current Latin or Greek scientific terms will be replaced by the human common writing first. The meaningful units of a language are too many and complex generally. Merely one, some people and even all linguists cannot finish to create the human common language. For theory, almost everyone is an expert who can use, develop, test and optimize the human common language if the standard sounds were made. For instance, population is 7.4 billion in the world now. A person must have a name at least. Certain naming custom such as Chinese or English one is no longer the norm. We must build a new naming tradition or standard. That is, the human names will be used according to the international standard in the human common language. Chinese and English are written from left to right. Arabic is written from right to left. Whether the human common language will be written from left to right or from right to left is decided by all global citizens. The human common writing will have an sole order though the computer has bidirectional or multiple ones. Because spoken messages have the sole order. Simply, the human common language must be matched the standard sounds, the easiest for antiilliteracy, and used the cheapest and best typewriter, especially for the mechanical typewriter at first and foremost.
The human common language is coded according to semiotics, IT and relevant sciences, denied and improved any current phonetics and linguistics. The living language especially 12 top official standard
languages are the experimental or raw materials of the standard sounds and human common language. The human common language will be expressed the fact or reality according to modern human requirements and civilizations.
Whether or not you agree my argument or opinion is not important. The globalization such as One belt and One road of China must be dealt with problems of the human common language.